An example of a gene that contains multiple possible start sites (TSS) and end sites (TES) is the gene stathmin. The black boxes in the gene model indicate sequences that will be translated into protein. Conventional short-read mRNA sequencing cannot differentiate between different molecules, but long-read sequencing can represent each mRNA molecule from beginning to end using a horizontal line. Defining the extremities of a gene is crucial in producing functional protein. Transcription start sites pre-determine transcription end sites, which is important for cell identity and functionality. RNA diversity and gene function are driven by promoter dominance, which influences tissue identity. The selection of distinct TES is caused by certain TSSs overriding conventional signals. Epigenetic signatures guide interactions between dominant promoters and their associated gene ends. TSSs and TESs exhibit co-evolution, suggesting the significant importance of these couplings for animal fitness.
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